\paperw4260 \margr0\margl0 \plain \fs20 \f1 \fs24 The reign of Suleiman, from 1520 to 1566, marked the apogee of Ottoman power. Turkish rule now extended from the Balkans to Alge
ria and from Crimea to the \b \cf1 \ATXht41 Yemen\b0 \cf0 \ATXht0 . Only Vienna still withstood their sieges. Suleiman established important diplomatic and commercial ties with Europe, and with France and the Repubblica Serenissima of Venice in particula
r. The discovery by the West of the grandeur of Ottoman monuments, the pomp of their courts, the development of their arts and literature, and the usages and customs of the Turks themselves û the \b \cf2 \ATXht10803 hammam\b0 \cf0 \ATXht0 (the Turkish b
ath), coffee, and the harem û caught the WestÆs imagination and led to a fashion for \i turqueries\i0 û music, furnishings, and art objects û in Europe. In spite of the humiliating defeat of the Ottomans by the Holy League of the Christian countries of
the Mediterranean at the battle of Lepanto, in 1571, SuleimanÆs work was continued by Selim II, who consolidated the empireÆs domains. Despite ups and downs and a series of internal and external crises, the Ottoman empire was to survive for another three
hundred years, until the early twentieth century.\par
